Angle Between Two Vectors and Vector Scalar Product

This is a worked example problem that shows how to find the angle between two vectors. The angle between vectors is used when finding the scalar product and vector product.

The scalar product is also called the dot product or the inner product. It's found by finding the component of one vector in the same direction as the other and then multiplying it by the magnitude of the other vector.

Vector Problem

Find the angle between the two vectors:

A = 2i + 3j + 4k
B = i - 2j + 3k

Solution

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Introduction to Vector Mathematics

By Andrew Zimmerman Jones

Write the components of each vector.

A_x = 2; B_x = 1
A_y = 3; B_y = -2
A_z = 4; B_z = 3

The scalar product of two vectors is given by:

A · B = A B cos θ = |A||B| cos θ

or by:

A · B = A_xB_x + A_yB_y + A_zB_z

When you set the two equations equal and rearrange the terms you find:

cos θ = (A_xB_x + A_yB_y + A_zB_z) / AB

For this problem:

A_xB_x + A_yB_y + A_zB_z = (2)(1) + (3)(-2) + (4)(3) = 8

A = (2² + 3² + 4²)^1/2 = (29)^1/2

B = (1² + (-2)² + 3²)^1/2 = (14)^1/2

cos θ = 8 / [(29)^1/2 * (14)^1/2] = 0.397

θ = 66.6°