Physical Chemistry & Thermochemistry
This is a collection of problem sets, lecture notes, articles, and labs for physical chemistry, thermochemistry, and thermodynamics.
Laws of Thermochemistry
The laws of thermochemistry are used to describe the heat or energy flow of chemical reactions. Understanding the values of a reaction's enthalpy will help determine whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
The laws of thermochemistry are used to describe the heat or energy flow of chemical reactions. Understanding the values of a reaction's enthalpy will help determine whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
Standard State Conditions
Values of thermodynamic quantities are commonly expressed for standard state conditions, so it is a good idea to understand what the standard state conditions are.
Values of thermodynamic quantities are commonly expressed for standard state conditions, so it is a good idea to understand what the standard state conditions are.
Calculating Bond Energies & Enthalpies - Worked Problem
This is a step-by-step worked problem to help you calculate bond energies and enthalpies for gaseous reactions.
This is a step-by-step worked problem to help you calculate bond energies and enthalpies for gaseous reactions.
Calculating Enthalpy Change - Worked Problems
This is a set of worked thermochemistry problems for calculating the change in enthalpy. Links are given to rules of thermochemistry and explanations of endothermic and exothermic reactions.
This is a set of worked thermochemistry problems for calculating the change in enthalpy. Links are given to rules of thermochemistry and explanations of endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Calculating Heats of Formation - Worked Problems
These are examples of how to calculate the heats of formation for compounds and ions in aqueous solution.
These are examples of how to calculate the heats of formation for compounds and ions in aqueous solution.
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Learn about endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions and get instructions to perform your own hot and cold chemistry demonstrations.
Learn about endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions and get instructions to perform your own hot and cold chemistry demonstrations.
Endothermic Reaction Demonstration
Here's an endothermic reaction demonstration that is easy to do and cold enough to freeze water.
Here's an endothermic reaction demonstration that is easy to do and cold enough to freeze water.
Heats of Formation - Anions & Cations
This is a table of molar heats of formation for common anions and cations in aqueous solution.
This is a table of molar heats of formation for common anions and cations in aqueous solution.
Heats of Formation - Common Compounds
Here's a handy table of the molar heats of formation for many common compounds. It's a must-have for thermochemistry calculations.
Here's a handy table of the molar heats of formation for many common compounds. It's a must-have for thermochemistry calculations.
Laws of Thermochemistry
Certain rules or laws apply to thermochemical equations and enthalpy. These are explanations and examples of these laws, including Hess's Law.
Certain rules or laws apply to thermochemical equations and enthalpy. These are explanations and examples of these laws, including Hess's Law.
Measurement of Heat Flow - Coffee Cup & Bomb Calorimeters
A calorimeter is a device used to measure the quantity of heat flow in a chemical reaction. Learn about two of the most common types of calorimeters, the coffee cup calorimeter and the bomb calorimeter, and find out how to use them to calculate heat flow and enthalpy change.
A calorimeter is a device used to measure the quantity of heat flow in a chemical reaction. Learn about two of the most common types of calorimeters, the coffee cup calorimeter and the bomb calorimeter, and find out how to use them to calculate heat flow and enthalpy change.
Nernst Equation
The Nernst equation is used to calculate the voltage of an electrochemical cell or to find the concentration of one of the components of the cell. Here is a look at the Nernst equation and an example of how to apply it to solve a problem.
The Nernst equation is used to calculate the voltage of an electrochemical cell or to find the concentration of one of the components of the cell. Here is a look at the Nernst equation and an example of how to apply it to solve a problem.
Nuclear Reactions - Mass - Energy Relations
Learn how to calculate the energy change in a nuclear reaction, such as radioactive decay.
Learn how to calculate the energy change in a nuclear reaction, such as radioactive decay.
Single Bond Energies
This is a table of single bond energies in units of kJ/mol at 25°C. Use these values to predict whether a reaction will be endothermic or exothermic and to calculate change in enthalpy for gases.
This is a table of single bond energies in units of kJ/mol at 25°C. Use these values to predict whether a reaction will be endothermic or exothermic and to calculate change in enthalpy for gases.
What Is Absolute Zero?
Learn about absolute zero and the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales.
Learn about absolute zero and the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales.
Boyle's Law Animated Illustration
Boyle's Law describes the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas when mass and temperature are held constant.
Boyle's Law describes the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas when mass and temperature are held constant.
Charles' Law Animated Illustration
Charles' Law describes the relationship between temperature and volume of an ideal gas when mass and pressure are held constant.
Charles' Law describes the relationship between temperature and volume of an ideal gas when mass and pressure are held constant.
K&K Associates - Thermophysical Data
Free databases with thermophysical properties of materials. Select "Thermal Data" from the navigation bar on the left.
Free databases with thermophysical properties of materials. Select "Thermal Data" from the navigation bar on the left.
Annual Reviews in Physical Chemistry
Abstracts and Tables of Contents.
Abstracts and Tables of Contents.
HyperPhysics
Includes thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and structure of the nucleus. From Carl R. Nave, Georgia State University.
Includes thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and structure of the nucleus. From Carl R. Nave, Georgia State University.
Physical Chemistry 2
This site is a division of the Lund Institute of Technology and is part of the Kemicentrum, the Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Lund University in Sweden. There is information on personnel, research, student projects, courses, and links.
This site is a division of the Lund Institute of Technology and is part of the Kemicentrum, the Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Lund University in Sweden. There is information on personnel, research, student projects, courses, and links.
Physics for Students of Biology and Chemistry
Hypertextbook for undergraduates from Kenneth R. Koehler, Raymond Walters College.
Hypertextbook for undergraduates from Kenneth R. Koehler, Raymond Walters College.
On-Line Gas Density Calculation
Calculation of gas density and specific volume for a given compressibility factor.
Calculation of gas density and specific volume for a given compressibility factor.
Psychrometric Calculator
Online calculation of the properties of moist air in SI units (Java). There's also a version with English units.
Online calculation of the properties of moist air in SI units (Java). There's also a version with English units.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Lucid treatment of chemical kinetics, bonding, and activation energy by Frank L. Lambert, Occidental College. For more on entropy, see his Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which includes treatment of the Gibbs free energy equation.
Lucid treatment of chemical kinetics, bonding, and activation energy by Frank L. Lambert, Occidental College. For more on entropy, see his Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which includes treatment of the Gibbs free energy equation.
Theory of Atoms in Molecules
Using quantum mechanics to predict chemical structure. From Richard F. W. Bader, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
Using quantum mechanics to predict chemical structure. From Richard F. W. Bader, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems
Accurate thermophysical properties for 16 fluids: density, specific volume, Cp, Cv, enthalpy, internal energy, entropy, sound speed. From the NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 - March 1998 Release.
Accurate thermophysical properties for 16 fluids: density, specific volume, Cp, Cv, enthalpy, internal energy, entropy, sound speed. From the NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 - March 1998 Release.
Virtual Laboratory: Thermodynamic Equilibrium
From the University of Oregon, online experiments (Java applet) demonstrating the diffusion process which occurs when gases of different temperatures are mixed.
From the University of Oregon, online experiments (Java applet) demonstrating the diffusion process which occurs when gases of different temperatures are mixed.