Helix Chemica

Hexagons at the top of the table indicate element abundance. Elements located in the upper half of the diagram are characterized by low density (below 4.0), simple spectra, strong emf, and tend to have a single valence. Elements in the lower half of the diagram have high density (above 4.0), complex spectra, weak emf, and usually multiple valences. Most of these elements are amphoteric and may gain or lose electrons. Elements in the upper left of the chart have a negative charge and form acids. The upper center elements have complete outer electron shells and are inert. Elements in the upper right carry a positive charge and form bases.