References
"Elements, Terrestrial Abundance". www.daviddarling.info. 2007-04-14.Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. 2007-04-14.
"Abundance in Earth's Crust". WebElements.com. 2007-04-14.
"List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. 2007-04-15.
Major Elements in the Earth's Crust
| Element | Percent by Volume |
| oxygen | 46.60% |
| silicon | 27.72% |
| aluminum | 8.13% |
| iron | 5.00% |
| calcium | 3.63% |
| sodium | 2.83% |
| potassium | 2.59% |
| magnesium | 2.09% |
| titanium | 0.44% |
| hydrogen | 0.14% |
| phosphorus | 0.12% |
| manganese | 0.10% |
| fluorine | 0.08% |
| barium | 340 ppm |
| carbon | 0.03% |
| strontium | 370 ppm |
| sulfur | 0.05% |
| zirconium | 190 ppm |
| tungsten | 160 ppm |
| vanadium | 0.01% |
| chlorine | 0.05% |
| rubidium | 0.03% |
| chromium | 0.01% |
| copper | 0.01% |
| nitrogen | 0.005% |
| nickel | trace |
| zinc | trace |


