Atomic and Molecular Structure
- structure of the atom
- element atomic number and atomic mass
- element location on the Periodic Table
- groups of elements in the Periodic Table
- trends in the Periodic Table: ionization energy, electronegativity, relative sizes of ions and atoms
- using the Periodic Table to determine the number of valence electrons available for bonding
- position of an element in the periodic table relating to its chemical reactivity
- Thomson's discovery of the electron
- Rutherford's nuclear atom
- Millikan's oil drop experiment
- Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect
- quantum theory of atomic structure
- Bohr model of the atom
- spectral lines
- Planck's relationship
Chemical Bonds
- ionic and covalent bonds
- chemical bonds between atoms in molecules
- electrostatic attraction in salt crystals
- intermolecular forces in a solid and liquid
- Lewis electron dot structures
- shape of simple molecules and their polarity
- electronegativity and ionization energy - bond formation
- solids and liquids held together by Van der Waal's forces
Stoichiometry
- writing balanced equations
- definition of the mole
- molar mass of a molecule from its chemical formula and a table of atomic masses (atomic weight)
- converting the mass of a molecular substance to moles
- number of particles or volume of gas at standard temperature and pressure
- masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
- percent yield in a chemical reaction
- oxidation and reduction reactions
- balancing oxidation-reduction reactions
Acids and Bases
- properties of acids, bases and salt solutions
- acids and bases
- strong acids and strong bases
- weak acids and bases
- pH scale
- pH tests
- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base definitions
- calculating pH from the hydrogen ion concentration
- pH in acid-base reactions
Gases
- random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface
- random motion of molecules and diffusion of gases
- applying the gas laws to relations between the pressure, temperature, and volume
- standard temperature and pressure (STP)
- convert between Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales
- kinetic theory of gases
- problems using the ideal gas law in the form PV=nRT
- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
- Graham's Law to describe diffusion of gases
Chemical Solutions
- definitions of solute and solvent
- dissolving process as a result of random molecular motion
- temperature, pressure, and surface area - their affect the dissolving process
- concentration of a solute in terms of grams per liter, molarity, parts per million and percent composition
- relationship between the molality of solute in a solution, and the solution's freezing point depression or boiling point elevation
- chromatography
- distillation
Rates of Chemical Reactions
- rate of reaction and factors that affect it
- role a catalyst in reaction rates
- definition and role of activation energy in a chemical reaction
Chemical Equilibrium
- Le Chatelier's Principle
- forward and reverse reaction rates and equilibrium
- equilibrium constant expression for a reaction
Thermodynamics and Physical Chemistry
- temperature and heat flow related to the motion of particles
- endothermic and exothermic chemical processes
- endergonic and exergonic chemical processes
- problems involving heat flow and temperature changes
- Hess's Law to calculate enthalpy change in a reaction
- Gibbs free energy equation to determine whether a reaction would be spontaneous
Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- formation of large molecules and polymers
- bonding characteristics of carbon
- amino acids as building blocks of proteins
- naming simple hydrocarbons
- functional groups
- R-group structure of amino acids
- primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure
Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry
- protons and neutrons
- nuclear forces
- electromagnetic repulsion between the protons
- nuclear fusion
- nuclear fission
- radioactive isotopes
- alpha, beta, and gamma decay
- alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
- calculating half-life and amount of radioactive material remaining
- nuclear substructure
