What Is a Chemical Formula?

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A chemical formula is an expression that states the number and type of atoms present in a molecule of a substance. The type of atom is given using element symbols. The number of atoms is indicated by a subscript following the element symbol.

Chemical Formula Examples

There are six C atoms and 14 H atoms in a hexane molecule, which has a molecular formula of:

C6H14

The chemical formula of table salt or sodium chloride is:

NaCl

There are one sodium atom and one chlorine atom in each molecule. Note there is no subscript for the number "1."

Types of Chemical Formulas

While any expression that cites the number and kind of atoms is a chemical formula, there are different types of formulas, including molecular, empirical, structure, and condensed chemical formulas.

Molecular Formula

Also known as the "true formula," the molecular formula states the actual number of atoms of the elements in a single molecule. For example, the molecular formula of the sugar glucose is:

C6H12O6

Empirical Formula

The empirical formula is the simplest ratio of the whole number of elements in a compound. It gets its name because it comes from experimental or empirical data. It's sort of like simplifying mathematical fractions.

Sometimes the molecular and empirical formula are the same, such as H2O, while other times the formulas are different. For example, the empirical formula of glucose is:

CH2O

This is obtained by dividing all of the subscripts by the common value (6, in this case).

Structural Formula

Although the molecular formula tells you how many atoms of each element are present in a compound, it does not indicate the way the atoms are arranged or bonded to each other. A structural formula shows the chemical bonds.

This is important information because two molecules may have shared the same number and type of atoms yet are isomers of each other. For example, ethanol (grain alcohol people can drink) and dimethyl ether (a toxic compound) share the same molecular and empirical formulas.

There are different types of structural formulas, too. Some indicate the two-dimensional structure, while others describe the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.

Condensed Formula

One particular variation of an empirical or structural formula is the condensed formula. This type of chemical formula is a sort of shorthand notation. The condensed structural formula may omit the symbols for carbon and hydrogen in the structure, simply indicating the chemical bonds and formulas of functional groups.

The written condensed formula lists the atoms in the order in which they appear in the molecular structure. For example, the molecular formula of hexane is:

C6H14

However, its condensed formula is:

CH3(CH2)4CH3

This formula not only provides the number and type of atoms but also indicates their position in the structure.

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Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Is a Chemical Formula?" ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/definition-of-chemical-formula-604906. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2023, April 5). What Is a Chemical Formula? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-chemical-formula-604906 Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Is a Chemical Formula?" ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-chemical-formula-604906 (accessed March 28, 2024).