Anti-Markovnikov Addition Defintion

Markovnikov's Rule describes the nature of alkene addition reactions in organic chemistry. Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov formulated the rule in 1865 after noting the halogen atom preferred the more substituted carbon in a hydrohalogenation reaction with an asymmetric alkene.

If a reaction follows the Markovnikov Rule:

1. The nucleophile adds to the more substituted pi-bound carbon.
2. Hydrogen adds to the less substituted carbon. Another way to think of it is that the "hydrogen rich get richer," meaning that out of two pi-bound carbon atoms, the one that has the most hydrogen atoms will get another hydrogen in the reaction.

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Alkoxide Definition in Chemistry

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

But, some reactions don't follow this rule...

Anti-Markovnikov Addition Definition

Anti-Markovnikov addition is an addition reaction between an electrophile compound HX and either an alkene or alkyne where the hydrogen atom of HX bonds to the carbon atom with the least number of hydrogen atoms in the initial alkene double bond or alkyne triple bond and the X bonds to the other carbon atom.

The "anti" part of Anti-Markovnikov addition is that the reaction fails to follow Markovnikov's Rule. It does not refer to "anti" in terms of stereochemistry!

The image shows the Anti-Markovnikov addition of HX to a propene alkene. The H bonds to the CH₁ end and the X bonds to the CH₂ end of the former double bond.

References

• Hughes, Peter (2006). "Was Markovnikov's Rule an Inspired Guess?". Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (8): 1152.
• McMurry, John. "Section 7.8: Orientation of Electrophilic Ractions: Markovnikov's Rule". Organic Chemistry (8th ed.).
• W. Markownikoff (1870). "Ueber die Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Vertretbarkeit des Radicalwasserstoffs in den isomeren Buttersäuren". Annalen der Pharmacie. 153 (1): 228–59.