Sulfuric Acid and Sugar Reaction
Tuesday January 29, 2008
One of the most spectacular chemistry demonstrations is also one of the simplest. It's the dehydration of sugar (sucrose) with sulfuric acid. Basically, all you do to perform this demonstration is put ordinary table sugar in a glass beaker and stir in some concentrated sulfuric acid (you can dampen the sugar with a small volume of water before adding the sulfuric acid). The sulfuric acid removes water from the sugar in a highly exothermic reaction, releasing heat, steam, and sulfur oxide fumes. Aside from the sulfurous odor, the reaction smells a lot like caramel. The white sugar turns into a black carbonized tube that pushes itself out of the beaker. Here's a nice youtube video for you, if you'd like to see what to expect.
What Happens
Sugar is a carbohydrate, so when you remove the water from the molecule, you're basically left with elemental carbon. The dehydration reaction is a type of elimination reaction.
C12H22O11 (sugar) + H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) → 12 C (carbon) + 11 H2O (water) + mixture water and acid
Although the sugar is dehydrated, the water isn't 'lost' in the reaction. Some of it remains as a liquid in the acid. Since the reaction is exothermic, much of the water is boiled off as steam.
Safety Precautions
If you do this demonstration, use proper safety precautions. Whenever you deal with concentrated sulfuric acid, you should wear gloves, eye protection, and a lab coat. Consider the beaker a loss, since scraping burnt sugar and carbon off of it isn't an easy task. It's preferable to perform the demonstration inside of a fume hood.
More Ways to Make Black Snakes | Sulfuric Acid and Water
What Happens
Sugar is a carbohydrate, so when you remove the water from the molecule, you're basically left with elemental carbon. The dehydration reaction is a type of elimination reaction.
C12H22O11 (sugar) + H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) → 12 C (carbon) + 11 H2O (water) + mixture water and acid
Although the sugar is dehydrated, the water isn't 'lost' in the reaction. Some of it remains as a liquid in the acid. Since the reaction is exothermic, much of the water is boiled off as steam.
Safety Precautions
If you do this demonstration, use proper safety precautions. Whenever you deal with concentrated sulfuric acid, you should wear gloves, eye protection, and a lab coat. Consider the beaker a loss, since scraping burnt sugar and carbon off of it isn't an easy task. It's preferable to perform the demonstration inside of a fume hood.
More Ways to Make Black Snakes | Sulfuric Acid and Water
Comments
The “black tom” explosion in WW1 at New York was, people say, triggered by gadgets using a variation on this -
The UTube demonstration of this experiment displays woeful lack of safety features in handling conc. sulphuric acid. Here in Melbourne (Victoria, Australia) safe working procedures are integral to science content. The protective equipment in this video is
inadequate: open lab coat cuffs (need long gauntlet gloves ore sleeeve protectors), the gloves are too flimsy, and overall too much unneccessary handling of the materials. The demo. works perfectly well if the acid is added to dry sugar, and allowed to progress over 3-4 minutes.